AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is associated with which type of tumor?

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum protein that is primarily produced by the fetal liver, yolk sac, and gastrointestinal tract during fetal development. In adults, abnormal levels of AFP can indicate the presence of certain tumors.

Hepatocellular carcinoma, a primary liver cancer, can lead to elevated levels of AFP. This association is significant enough that AFP is often used as a tumor marker for monitoring liver cancer, particularly in patients with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis.

Germ cell tumors, which can arise in the gonads or other locations, also produce AFP. These tumors include a variety of neoplasms like testicular cancers, particularly non-seminomatous types, where elevated AFP levels can be used for diagnosis and monitoring response to treatment.

Yolk sac tumors, a specific subtype of germ cell tumors, are noteworthy for their production of AFP as well. These tumors are particularly common in adolescents and young adults and are characterized by being highly aggressive and capable of secreting significant amounts of AFP.

Given that all three tumor types—hepatocellular carcinoma, germ cell tumors, and yolk sac tumors—are associated with increased levels of alpha-fetoprotein, the correct answer encompasses all these categories.