Exposure to which drug during pregnancy can lead to clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters?

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1930s until the 1970s to prevent pregnancy complications such as miscarriage and premature labor. Research has shown that daughters born to women who took DES during pregnancy are at increased risk for developing specific health issues, most notably clear cell carcinoma of the vagina and cervix. This type of cancer is a rare but serious outcome associated with in utero exposure to DES.

In addition to clear cell carcinoma, daughters exposed to DES may also experience other reproductive tract anomalies, including abnormalities of the uterus, cervix, and fallopian tubes. These effects arise because DES interferes with normal hormonal signaling and development during critical periods of fetal development.

The nature of the cancer associated with DES exposure is a clear and defined risk, making it a unique factor in obstetrics and gynecology. Other options, such as thalidomide, butalbital, and estrogen replacements, are not recognized to have a similar association with clear cell carcinoma of the vagina, making the recognition of DES exposure crucial for the health and monitoring of individuals who may have been exposed in utero.