Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with which cancer?

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1) is specifically associated with Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). This association is largely due to the virus's ability to infect and transform T-cells. Infection with HTLV-1 can lead to the clonal proliferation of infected lymphocytes, ultimately resulting in the development of leukemia or lymphoma.

The pathogenesis of ATLL involves both the direct transforming effects of the viral proteins on the host cells and the associated immune dysregulation. Specifically, the viral oncoprotein Tax plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, contributing to the malignant transformation of infected T-cells. The development of ATLL occurs typically many years (often decades) after the initial HTLV-1 infection, reflecting the long latency period associated with this virus.

In contrast, the other options do not have a direct association with HTLV-1. Hepatocellular carcinoma is primarily linked to hepatitis viruses, particularly HBV and HCV. Hairy cell leukemia is a chronic form of leukemia that is not associated with viral infection. CNS malignant lymphoma, while it can be associated with immunocompromised states, is not specifically linked to HTLV-1.