What is a leading cause of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Lupus nephropathy is indeed a leading cause of death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This condition arises when the immune system attacks the kidneys, leading to inflammation, damage, and ultimately affecting kidney function. Patients can develop various forms of kidney damage, including glomerulonephritis, which is characterized by proteinuria, hematuria, and impaired renal function.

The progression to end-stage renal disease can significantly increase morbidity and mortality in individuals with SLE. Management of lupus nephropathy often requires aggressive immunosuppressive therapy, and despite advancements in treatment, kidney involvement remains a serious predictor of poor outcomes. Thus, the impact of lupus nephropathy on renal function and its associated complications highlight its critical role in the mortality profile of SLE patients.

While the other options represent potential complications or manifestations of SLE, they do not carry the same level of risk for mortality as lupus nephropathy does. Cardiac involvement, although significant, often stems from the effects of lupus nephritis and other factors rather than standalone mortality. Central nervous system involvement can also be serious but varies widely in its presentation and prognostic implications. Pulmonary embolism can occur but is less common as a direct