What is the common clinical manifestation of hereditary spherocytosis?

Hereditary spherocytosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of abnormal red blood cells that are sphere-shaped instead of the typical biconcave disc shape. This abnormal shape leads to increased fragility and hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), primarily in the spleen.

Cholelithiasis, or the formation of gallstones, is a common complication in hereditary spherocytosis. The hemolysis leads to increased bilirubin production, which can result in the formation of bilirubin gallstones, particularly in individuals with chronic hemolytic anemia.

Hepatosplenomegaly, which is enlargement of the liver and spleen, is another frequent clinical manifestation. The spleen becomes enlarged due to the increased destruction of spherocytes, and the liver can also become enlarged due to congestion from the increased red blood cell turnover.

Photosensitivity is generally associated with porphyrias or skin conditions such as lupus and not typically with hereditary spherocytosis. However, while cholelithiasis and hepatosplenomegaly are directly related to the hemolytic process in this condition, the inclusion of "all of the above" as an answer suggests a broad perspective on related complications. In summary