What is the significance of Cali-Exner bodies in the context of ovarian tumors?

Cali-Exner bodies are small structures found in certain ovarian tumors, specifically granulosa-theca cell tumors, which are a type of sex-cord stromal tumor. The presence of these structures is significant because they represent immature Graafian follicles. Granulosa-theca cell tumors are characterized by their hormone-producing capability, often leading to estrogen excess, which can cause symptoms such as abnormal uterine bleeding and breast tenderness.

These structures provide insight into the differentiation of the tumor cells, indicating that they retain some functional characteristics similar to those of normal ovarian follicles. The identification of Cali-Exner bodies can thus aid pathologists in making a diagnosis of granulosa-theca cell tumors, differentiating them from other types of ovarian neoplasms.

By contrast, the other options do not relate to the context of ovarian tumors or Cali-Exner bodies, highlighting their specificity in pathology related to sex-cord stromal tumors. This makes understanding their presence in the context of granulosa-theca cell tumors essential for both diagnosis and treatment planning.