Which condition is associated with a thyroid-like appearance of the kidney?

The condition associated with a thyroid-like appearance of the kidney is chronic bacterial pyelonephritis. This distinctive appearance is referred to as "thyroidization" of the kidney, characterized by the presence of dilated tubules lined by flattened epithelium and filled with colloid-like material. This occurs as a result of chronic inflammation and damage within the renal tissue, often due to recurrent urinary tract infections that lead to scarring and structural changes in the kidney.

In chronic bacterial pyelonephritis, the repeated infections cause necrosis and fibrosis, leading to the replacement of normal renal tissue with scar tissue. This architectural disruption is what gives the kidney its thyroid-like morphology, which signifies chronic injury rather than acute processes found in other conditions.

The other conditions listed do not typically lead to this thyroid-like appearance of the kidney. For instance, acute glomerulonephritis primarily affects glomeruli and does not induce thyroidization. Diabetic nephropathy is marked by specific changes such as mesangial expansion and kimmelstiel-wilson nodules, but not thyroid-like changes. Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by injury to the renal tubular cells and is mainly associated with tubular cell necrosis and atrophy, rather than