Which of the following is associated with painful, raised red lesions on the palms and soles?

The correct choice is Osler's nodes, which are indeed associated with painful, raised red lesions typically found on the palms and soles. These lesions are a manifestation of infective endocarditis and are related to immune complex deposition. Osler's nodes are characterized by their tender nature and the fact that they often appear in pairs on the fingers and toes.

In contrast, Janeway lesions are usually painless and flat, appearing on the palms and soles in cases of infective endocarditis, but they lack the raised and painful attributes of Osler's nodes. Subungual and splinter hemorrhages are also associated with infective endocarditis, but they present as small streaks of blood under the nails or small areas of bleeding along the nail bed, rather than as raised lesions.

Understanding the distinct features of these lesions helps in diagnosing and distinguishing conditions associated with infective endocarditis and other systemic illnesses.