Which of the following is an age-related change in the cardiovascular system?

Aortic stenosis is a significant age-related change in the cardiovascular system. This condition is characterized by the narrowing of the aortic valve, which can lead to reduced blood flow from the heart to the aorta and the rest of the body. As individuals age, structural changes in the heart and valves occur, primarily due to calcium deposits, fibrosis, and wear and tear on the heart valves.

In older adults, aortic stenosis is often a consequence of age-related calcific degeneration of the aortic valve, particularly in individuals with a history of rheumatic fever or those who have congenitally abnormal aortic valves. The symptoms of aortic stenosis, such as exertional dyspnea, syncope, and angina, can significantly affect quality of life and are not only common but often a direct result of cardiovascular aging.

The other options listed do not represent age-related changes specific to the cardiovascular system. Pneumonia is an infectious disease that can occur at any age but is not directly related to the aging of the cardiovascular system. Aging of the skin relates to dermatological changes and not the cardiovascular system. Lastly, increased venous return is typically not an age-related change, as aging often leads to decreased venous return due to