Which of the following substances stimulates glycolysis?

AMP is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and serves as an important signal for stimulating glycolysis. In conditions where the cell's energy levels are low, indicated by a high concentration of AMP, glycolysis is activated to increase the production of ATP. AMP activates the enzyme AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which subsequently promotes glycolytic pathways while inhibiting those that consume ATP, such as gluconeogenesis. This mechanism reflects the cell's need to quickly generate energy under low-energy states.

In contrast, glucose is not a stimulator of glycolysis directly but rather a substrate that enters metabolic pathways after the initial regulatory steps have been activated. Galactose also serves as a substrate for glycolysis but does not have a direct role in activating the pathway. ATP, on the other hand, is an indicator of high energy status in the cell; elevated levels of ATP would signal a reduction in glycolytic activity since the cell would not require additional energy production. Thus, AMP's role in signaling low energy demands makes it crucial for stimulating glycolysis effectively.