Which second messenger is NOT produced by alpha1 receptor signaling?

Alpha-1 receptors are a type of adrenergic receptor that primarily signal through the Gq protein pathway. When activated by catecholamines such as norepinephrine, alpha-1 receptors stimulate a series of intracellular events that lead to the activation of phospholipase C (PLC). This enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into two important second messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3).

DAG remains in the membrane and activates protein kinase C (PKC), contributing to various signaling pathways, while IP3 is released into the cytosol, where it promotes the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum, further amplifying intracellular signaling.

In contrast, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is typically associated with the activation of the Gs protein, which stimulates adenylate cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP. Since alpha-1 receptors do not activate the Gs pathway and do not produce cAMP, it is correct to state that cAMP is not a second messenger produced during alpha-1 receptor signaling. Thus, identifying