Which syndrome is known for potentially progressing to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

Plummer-Vinson syndrome is characterized by the presence of iron deficiency anemia, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), and esophageal webs. This condition can result in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus due to the underlying chronic iron deficiency and the presence of esophageal webs, which contribute to mucosal irritation and injury. Over time, the repeated cycles of injury, inflammation, and repair can predispose individuals to develop malignant changes in the esophageal tissue.

Other conditions listed, such as Barrett's esophagus, also have a risk of progression to carcinoma; however, it is primarily associated with adenocarcinoma rather than squamous cell carcinoma, which differentiates it from Plummer-Vinson syndrome. Achalasia typically leads to an increased risk for esophageal carcinoma as well, but the type of carcinoma is often adenocarcinoma as well, again differing from the squamous cell type associated with Plummer-Vinson syndrome. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can contribute to Barrett's esophagus; however, it does not directly lead to squamous cell carcinoma in the same way as Plummer-Vinson syndrome.