Which type of proteins are associated with multiple myeloma in blood or urine?

Multiple myeloma is characterized by an overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobulins due to malignant plasma cells. One of the hallmarks of this disease is the presence of free light chains of immunoglobulins in the urine, known as Bence Jones proteins. These proteins are specifically kappa or lambda light chains that are not paired with heavy chains, resulting from the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow.

The presence of Bence Jones proteins is significant because they can lead to kidney damage, contribute to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma, and are often used as a marker for disease activity. In laboratory tests, they can be detected with urine electrophoresis, distinguishing them from other types of proteins that might be present due to different pathologies.

Other types of proteins, such as amyloid proteins, fibrinogen, or immunoglobulin G, are not specific markers for multiple myeloma. While amyloid may be associated with various diseases, including some plasma cell disorders, it is not definitive for multiple myeloma itself. Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor and is not specifically linked to multiple myeloma. Immunoglobulin G is a common immunoglobulin type that may be overproduced