Which variable is used to calculate mean arterial pressure?

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated using the formula:

[ \text{MAP} = \text{Cardiac Output} \times \text{Total Peripheral Resistance} + \text{Central Venous Pressure} ]

However, in clinical practice, central venous pressure is often neglected when estimating MAP, particularly when considering systemic hemodynamics. Thus, the essential components for calculating MAP are cardiac output (which reflects the volume of blood the heart pumps) and total peripheral resistance (the resistance to blood flow exerted by the systemic vasculature).

Cardiac output is determined by stroke volume (the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each beat) and heart rate (the frequency of heartbeats). Nevertheless, the direct calculation of mean arterial pressure relates more closely to the relationship between cardiac output and total peripheral resistance as contributing factors to systemic vascular pressure.

In contrast, the other options involve combinations of parameters that are either not directly related to mean arterial pressure or do not encompass the necessary elements for its calculation. For example, stroke volume and resistance are components of cardiac output but do not provide a direct assessment of MAP like the combination of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance does. Similarly, ejection fraction and blood volume,